Ancient and Extinct Breeds

Abidean	A Macedonian breed.
Accarnanian	A large war-like Greek horse.
Achin	A small, spirited, skewbald horse found on the island of Sumatra. It is better suited for draught than the saddle.
Aetolian	A Greek horse nursed in solitary plains.
Aghubolak (Turkoman)	Reared on the Oxus river, it was remarkable for the whorl which always appeared on some part of the neck or body. These marks were an object of wonder and still more of good or evil omen.
Agrigentine	A bay or chestnut with white markings derived from breeding local horses with Phoenician and Carthaginian horses.
Ahmar	The wild ass of North Africa was also known as the Djaar of Arabia. The theme of glowing imagery in the inspired language of the Hebrew prophets, the animal was extolled as delicious food for the tables of Roman epicures. The species was said to have once been found in the Canary Islands. Equal in size to a mule, white in colour, but silvery grey on the ridge of the back and nose, with the forehead, neck and sides of a beautiful pale ash, with a tinge of purple. The mane and tail were black.
Aiguilillas	No less vigorous and active than the Peruvian Parameros, this Peruvian breed was prized for its most rapid mode of moving, resembling an amble, but so fast that, according to Don Juan de Ulloa, the best gallop could not keep up with it.
Alan	An elegant, low, hardy and rapid horse from the northern Cantons of Germany.
Alfaras	A Moorish horse now more commonly known as the Andalus. They were a cross-breed of Arab blood upon the black Vandal and other Gothic races, themselves crossed with Roman and the ancient Spanish Calpe studs.
Andalusian	A Spanish horse, flexible, graceful and active. Makes an excellent riding school steed and a good charger. They vary in colour, but bays predominate. The morcillo, a black with a white star on the forehead, was esteemed to be the highest bred, while the isabella variety was an albino with a roseate skin. This breed was derived from the Xeres-breed of the Chartreuse. The Andalusian breed suffered during Napoleon's invasion of Spain.
Apulian	A Roman horse of Greek origin.
Arcadian	A cream-coloured Greek Ionian breed, much used for breeding mules.
Ardean	A breed described by the ancient poet, Virgil.
Argolic	A Greek breed, having a good head and fine limbs, hollow-backed but cat-hammed.
Ashoo (Turkoman)	So renowned that it is mentioned in the legends of India.
Barb	Ancient and renowned, Barbary horses, particularly from Morocco, Fez, and the interior of Tripoli, are reported to be remarkably fine and graceful in their action, but somewhat lower than Arab, seldom being more than 14 hands high. The head is particularly beautiful. They are claimed by some to be superior to the Arab in form, but inferior in spirit, speed and countenance. Early nineteenth century authors described the Godolphin Arabian as being a Barb; but in a manuscript note it was found that this celebrated horse was one of the Guelfe blood of Yemen. On a journey, the Barb starts unfed and without water; at the end of his day's work he is picketed, unbridled, never unsaddled. He then receives as much water as he will drink, then barley and broken straw is thrown before him as far as he can stretch his neck; hence he rarely or never lies down, nor gets sleep, and yet he is high spirited.
Bashkir	A short, compact horse with a heavy head and small eyes. It has black hair, which undulates with an indication of curling. They do not exceed 13 hands.
Batta	A small, spirited, mouse-grey horse found on the island of Sumatra. It is better suited for draught than the saddle. They are often eaten by the natives, who call them Kuda.
Bhooteah	A beautiful, shaggy grey pony, similar to the Siberian. Their strength, courage, prudence and surety of footing in the precipitous paths of the highest mountains are highly extolled.
Bidet	A native horse of Brittany.
Bima	A breed of horse found on the island of Sambawa. It is exported to Timor, but no further to the east, being unknown in the Moluccas and New Guinea.
Bornou	The Bornou horse breed from the Gambia region of Africa; 15 hands high, a robust horse with beautiful limbs and feet.
British Islands	Caesar found a race of indigenous ponies, which had been subdued by the natives but had roamed for ages in a wild state in every part of the islands. Their original colour was sooty or dun; they are now still imperfectly represented by the Scottish, Welsh, New Forest and Dartmoor breeds, having the same character of hardiness and a long, low form with bushy manes and tails.
Burmese Tat	Small working pony found in the jungles and mountains of Burma in the early nineteenth century.
Calimbrian	A breed of bay Horse in Libya.
Calpe	A bay Horse with white markings conveyed to Spain by Phoenician and Carthaginian ships.
Cape Horse	Bred by early Dutch settlers at the Cape of Good Hope on the tip of the African continent, these hardy horses were a mixed breed of the Black Dutch and Arabian Kadeschi. They were often exported to India where they became chargers in the cavalry of the British Raj.
Cattywarr	A horse bred in India, known for its superior blood. The rare dun-coloured version, with black stripes like a tiger, was particularly valued. The method of feeding this horse was peculiar: they were often fed at night on boiled peas, or small beans boiled with a sheep's head, or wheat flour mixed with molasses, or balls composed of pepper, garlic and coriander. They were even given opium, marijuana or hemp seed, mixed with molasses. These horses were often undersized and wanted bone.
Celebes	A wild horse found on this island.
Chactaws	A North American Indian horse, it was larger and less lively than the Seminole. These animals were reputedly introduced by Spanish settlers coming from New Spain.
Chalcedonian	A Greek Ionian breed, carried across the Euxine by the colonists from Europe.
Chaonian	A Greek Ionian breed.
Chuprastee (Turkoman)	Known as the "swift breed," it was raised between Meshed and Herat.
Cilicia	An ancient breed of white or grey horses bred on the Steppes north of the Euxine river.
Collatorii	A Roman horse trained to trot.
Colophonian	A Greek Ionian breed, carried across the Euxine by the colonists from Europe.
Conestoga	An American horse bred in Pennsylvania, it was long in the leg and light in carcass. It often reached 17 hands at the shoulder and made splendid gig horses, while those of less stature were much sought for riding.
Corsican	An indigenous horse, one apparently not imported by man, and resembling the smallest Shelties of the Scottish islands. Though small, this horse was full of fire and thought little larger than great dogs, were so vicious that it was necessary to hoodwink them to be mounted; their feet were like asses', the manes short and the tails long: in the early 19th century these horses were still wild in Sardinia and Corsica.
Cretan	Derived from the best breeds of Asia and Egypt.
Crisp	This horse was known in Europe as the cheval à poil frisé, a curly-haired horse which resembled the Bashkir curly-haired horse of Persia. A specimen found in the stables of the Emperor of Austria had been plundered by the French at the capture of Vienna. According to local authorities, this cross-bred curly-haired Crisp horse was the result of mating a Bashkir horse and a French Black. A powerful roan with a similar coat had been purchased in the early nineteenth century from a drove of horses said to have come from the mountains above the Magdalena in Columbia.
Cyrenian	A handsome and fleet breed.
Dauw	Like the zebra, the Dauw is about 13 hands high, and there were different varieties of this animal, including the Cape Dauw and the Congo Dauw. Unlike the horse, the female Dauw has an udder of four mammae.
Djiggetai	A wild equine found in Persia that has a neighing voice and lacks the dark cross on the shoulders usually found on the Tibetan Koulan. Like the wild ass, it is provided with longer ears than the horse. In size, the animal is little inferior to the wild horse, in general shape resembling a mule, in gracefulness of action a horse, and in the mixed colours of its livery like the wild Kiang. The mane is erect, short and dark. The fur is long in winter and smooth in summer, with a variety of whorls in the hair. It is silvery-grey, with white legs. The species extends to the north into southern Siberia, spreads over the deserts of Gobi, frequents the salt marshes of Tartary, is abundant in Tibet, found in the Himalayas, and is not unknown in India. From the testimonies of Herodotus, it appears that the Djiggetai was found at that time in Syria. In the early nineteenth century it was still abundant in Turkestan beyond the Oxus, and travellers described it as prodigiously fleet and cautious. They live in small herds and neigh with a deeper and louder voice than a horse. It is much hunted by the Mongols for its flesh.
Dongola	Raised on the sandy desert in Ethiopia, this 16 hand high horse with ample mane and tail is often black. Remarkably handsome, tall, powerful, active, very supple, capable of great fatigue and attached to its master. By the early nineteenth century these prized war-horses were considered rare.
Duckanee	Bred in the Deccan area of India, these horses were a cross between a native mare and imported Arab sire. Those known as the Bhemra were the most highly prized. Other classes included Mecundase, Chunddase and the Najpore.
Dunnee	An Indian horse, raised between the Indus and Jhelum rivers.
Eginetan	A Greek breed mentioned in a proverb.
English Draught Horse	This class of horse, if it was not already imported in the Saxon era, was certainly introduced by the Flemish associates of William the Norman.
Ericthonius	A slatey-ash coloured breed belonging to Mycenae, also supposedly descended from a gift of Neptune.
Erscheck	A Persian breed known for its beauty.
Etruscan	Sometimes known as the Tyrrhenian, this breed had a small nose, a very thick mane and hard hooves.
Ferrant	A French horse derived from a mixture of Barbary blood crossed with the Gothic. It formed one of the first well-bred horses in Christian Europe. Celebrated by troubadours who praised the destrier or charger. It was led by a groom or squire until wanted for battle. It became synonymous with the great horse and was noted for its quality, not colour.
Friesland	Commonly called the Dutch, or fast-trotter, they are from 14 to 16 hands high, with good necks and shoulders, full bodies, the tail attached rather low, and limbs sufficiently fine, fringed a considerable way up the tendon above the pasterns with longish hair: they have fire and temper, but generally want bottom.
Gaetulian	Used for lion-hunting in North Africa.
Gallaican	An indigenous Spanish horse, residing in the northern mountains of Asturia. It was small, hardy, daring and had excellent feet and was trained to amble.
Galloway	The Galloway was a small Celtic riding horse found in the British Isles. It shared the same character as the Swedish Œland, but was somewhat higher at the shoulder. In colour, the breed was bay with black extremities, mane and tail, but by the early nineteenth century the horse had disappeared, only its name remained as a reference to small riding horses and ponies.
Gelonian	A celebrated breed from Mysia, the present Serbia, this horse was favoured by the Roman emperor, Hadrian. It was white or grey.
Ghoonts	A species of Galloway, originally from Bokhara.
Gorgum (Turkoman)	Raised in the desert east of Asterabad, 16 hands high and remarkably sinewy. Their long journeys are always performed in a lengthened jog-trot.
Greek Horse	The common horse of early nineteenth century Greece, it had a coarse and jowl, scraggy neck, knotty joints, and possessed a temper. Generally chestnut.
Grenada	A Spanish horse akin to the Andalusian.
Guelfe	Originally from Yemen, patient, indefatigable, and gentle. Were held to be extremely valuable.
Guttonarii	A Roman horse trained to step in cadence with their feet high.
Hamar	Known as the Chamor by the Hebrews, this animal differed from the great wild ass, being smaller, with a large ugly head. It had a dirty bay livery and appears to have been solitary. This is no doubt the animal Xenophon mentions having been seen by him in the company of ostriches.
Helvetian Algoici	The general breed of Gaul. Noted for their durability, these black horses were long backed, high hipped, heavy maned with small eyes and thick lips covered with bristles.
Hippotigris	An early name created by travellers to describe various types of zebras ("horse-tigers").
Hirpinic	A horse bred in the Alps.
Hun	According to the Roman historian, Vegetius, the horses of Attilla's horde were large, with a hawk's-billed head, prominent eyes, broad jaws, a strong neck, an immense mane, round ribs, straight back, sound legs and a bushy tail; their figure was low and long, but they were gentle and sober.
Hungarian	A small, angular horse with large eyes, small mouth, slender neck; broad-chested with firm legs, hard hooves and the tail rather low. This horse is evidently a descendant of the animals brought by the mounted tribes which invaded the Roman empire.
Iceland Pony	A descendant of the Scandinavian Œland horse, these horses are renowned for enduring the excessive cold of an Arctic winter without the least protection of man.
Iranee	A horse of Persian origin, used in India, it was strong and well-jointed but deficient in spirit.
Ishepatan	A Persian horse of high reputation favoured by Russian officers along the frontier.
Jamaican Horse	A breed of blood horses introduced by the English. These horses were reared in what were called breeding pens in the western parishes of the island. They are lighter and smaller than thoroughbred English horses, but produce a noble race, elegant in form, fleet on the race course and equally serviceable for the saddle and light carriage.
Jungle Tazzee	Sprung from the common mare of India and the Eraun Tazzee stallion. These horses had a bold and commanding appearance, and made excellent racers. Their spirit requires good riders to mount them. The neck is stiff and their eyes betray a viciousness of disposition, which not uncommonly requires the rider, while mounting, to have his horse blindfolded. They are of all colours, mostly bays, and a few betray their Tangum intermixture by being piebald. They bear fast fatigue and were used by the Mahrattas tribe of India.
Kaqthi	A Tibetan mountain pony.
Karabeer	Bred by the Uzbeks near Samarkand and held in the highest esteem.
Karooghle (Turkoman)	Known as the war breed, it was raised in the vicinity of Shurukhs.
Kataghan	An Afghan horse, bred near Kunduz, who was hardy though undersized.
Katschenstzi	A remarkable horse of Eastern Tartary, its body was shining black while its mane, tail and feet were white or grey.
Kauserooni	A Persian horse obtained by crossing the Arab and Turkoman races. It is from this that the best road horses are derived, combining the speed of the one with the strength of the other.
Khoten	A small, hardy horse of 14 hands, they are driven in great droves by the Kalmuks for export into India.
Kolaree	A horse of India of good height but devoid of vigour.
Koomrah	Believed by the Mograbians, the people of modern Morocco, to be the offspring of a bull and a mare, this animal was later discovered to be a rare distinct species of Equus found in Northern Africa. One such animal was imported into England in the early nineteenth century. About 10 hands high, it was of a reddish bay colour without any marks or white about the limbs. Its voice differed from both horse and ass. It was believed to inhabit the mountains of Africa.
Koulan	The wild ass of Central Asia. Known by a variety of names, including Ghoor-Khur in Afghanistan, the Ghur in Western Persia, the Baja Mural in Tartary, and the Koulan of the Kyrgyz. The animal stood 13 hands high. The head was large, the ears pointed, nearly 10 inches long, very erect and movable. It had an upright mane. The general colour of the fur is a silvery-grey. The species inhabited the dry mountainous parts of Greater Tartary. They herd in droves, fly at a trot, stop, look back, and then fly off with wonderful speed, being never taken alive. This species is noted in the Book of Job and described with the same manners. No attempt has ever been made to break this animal for riding.
Kuningam	A small, very handsome horse, found on the island of Java, more used for drawing than riding.
Kutch	Sometimes known as the Kahteawar, Kutch is the portion of India where the native mares are bred with imported Arab stallions. These horses were light duns and have zebra marks on the arms and a stripe down the back. They were remarkable for the structure of their withers, which dropped three or four inches so suddenly that there appeared to be a part of the vertical ridge of the spine taken away. This required specially made saddles; nevertheless they were much valued by native riders.
Lower Oxus (Turkoman)	Large, spirited and much valued in Bokhara and Kabul.
Lucanian	A horse bred in the Alps.
Lusitanian	A breed derived from a cross between a native horse of Spain and horses imported by Phoenicians and Carthaginians. It was well known for fleetness because of a fable which stated that the mares had been impregnated by the Favonian wind. The race was handsome but timid, and had hollow backs and soft hooves. It was chiefly bred in the south-west of Spain, usually a dark Bay.
Lydian	Valued for stature and the strength to carry heavy armed riders in the time of Croesus.
Maegarian	A Greek breed mentioned in a proverb.
Maginnee	These Indian horses were noted for their beauty, speed, spirit and endurance.
Majinis	An Indian cross between the Eraun Tauzi and a Bokhara mare. The Majinis is the battle horse of the Rajputs.
Manni	A Roman pony obtained from the Asturian and British provinces of Rome which served for boys to ride.
Mauritanian	Used for lion-hunting in North Africa.
Menapian	Bred in Guelderland, this black horse was tall and clean about the limbs, but hairy heeled.
Meros	Small sized horses bred near Balkh, Afghanistan. They were strong and hardy.
Mexican horse	The common horse of that country known to be derived chiefly from Andalusian progenitors.
Moldavian	15 hands, large head, tail set low, a noble race, in colour bay or chestnut.
Monaki	A Yemen breed, held in very high estimation.
Morea	A small, unshorn Greek horse, with a small head, slender neck, broad, deep chest, and longish hooves. They are exceedingly wild and vicious, running at dogs and fighting with their teeth and forefeet. It is likely that their origin is linked to the early ages of Greece.
Murcia	A small Spanish horse.
Musjeed	A horse found on the coast of the Persian Gulf, it was coloured white, naturally speckled with deep brown or black spots. During the Middle Ages it was considered a highly desirable parade horse.
Myautze	A Chinese piebald mountain pony known for galloping down declivities at an angle of 45 degrees without losing their footing. Highly prized by Chinese officers.
Netherlands Marsh Horse	This black horse is believed to have been introduced with the first Gallow-Belgic colony that ascended the Danube. It was so fierce that it was held to be untamable. It had a large head, pale blue eyes, an abundant mane and tail which, according to legend, when rubbed in the night emitted sparks of fire. The hips were high, the feet broad and hidden in an immense quantity of long bristly hairs about the fetlock. The electrical phenomenon and pale eyes were ingredients of superstition connecting this horse with Pagan divinities.
Nicean	During the time of King Darius of Persia, the ill-fated monarch maintained an enormous hippobaton in the plain about Mount Corone. There Darius drew 100,000 horses to oppose the Macedonian invasion, and still left 50,000 in the pastures, which Alexander the Great saw in his march through that country; they were all of a dun or cream colour.
Norman	The small, hardy breed of Scandinavia carried on the ships of Norman pirates and still found in perfection in Iceland.
Numidian	Used for lion-hunting in North Africa.
Oel-Nagdi	Reared in the vicinity of Basra. Beautiful, docile, swift, either dark bay or dabble grey, and known for their remarkable attachment to their owners.
Oel-Mefki	Found in the Damascus district. Stately and superb in aspect, but not always durable and chiefly used by Turkish grandees.
Oel-Sabi	Resemble the Oel-Mefki but are not so highly valued.
Oel-Tredi	Very handsome, but with less courage and more inclined to restiveness.
Œland	A small, 12 hand high horse, found in Sweden and Norway. These animals are handsome, docile and intelligent, though bred in the woods. The head is rather large, the eyes prominent, ears small, tail and mane abundant. Their colours are bay and brown. These horses may be safely regarded as the parent stock of the Iceland pony.
Pamir	A white woolly animal found in the Karakorum mountains, ridden by the Kyrgyz and Kalmucks. It is 14 hands high, with a large head, small eyes and ears, a thick muzzle and a short neck. The mane is short and ragged, the tail not very abundant. The limbs are long, and the hooves wide; all the proportions hidden by heavy bear-like fur, particularly under the jaws, where there is a considerable beard. The hair on the outside is shining and hard, within soft and downy. The English traveller, Dr. Gerrard, met great droves of these wild horses in the high plateaux of the Pamir mountains.
Parameros	A Peruvian horse whose name derives from Paramos (mountains) because they gallop down steep precipices and leap across ravines with equal rapidity and safety.
Pegasidae	A fleet Roman horse, ridden by young men of fashion who sought notoriety.
Peleian	A dark bay horse associated with the ancient city of Epirus.
Pellan	A chestnut-coloured Macedonian horse.
Persian	Persian horses exhibit a superiority over the Turkish horses owing to their greater bone, enabling them to bear armour on man and beast. These horses seldom exceed 14 hands, have a slender neck, handsome ears, narrow chest, fine legs and hard hooves. Nearly as beautiful as the Arabian, the frame is more developed and their spirit is war-like. Many of these horses were amblers, and were used by messengers of the Persian Shah. One such animal covered 700 miles in ten days. A hardy breed, they are usually fed and watered an hour after sunrise, and again at sunset, when they are given barley and chopped straw, as hay is unknown.
Phrygian	A horse bred in Asia Minor. Because of its light ash colour, its origin was ascribed to Neptune.
Pickarrow	A pony in India much favoured for riding by British colonials.
Prussian	At the beginning of the nineteenth century, this wild horse was maintained in a special preserve by the Prince of Prussia. It was mouse-coloured with a dark streak on the spine and the mane and tail dark; this horse was believed to be the original eel-back dun of the West.
Pyrenees	A small mountain horse, found in Spain and France.
Quagga	More like a true horse, the hooves considerably broader than in the zebra, the head somewhat heavy and the muzzle black. The name of this species is derived from its voice, which is a kind of cry somewhat resembling the sounds Qua-Cha. Quaggas were found at the Cape of Good Hope. It is this species that is reputed to be the boldest of all equine animals, attacking hyenas and wild dogs without hesitation. For this reason, they were frequently domesticated by Dutch farmers for the purpose of protecting their horses at night while both were turned out to grass. Now extinct.
Rahwal	An Indian ambler.
Rosean	A Roman horse of Greek origin. It was praised by the poet Varro and known in the early 19th century by the name of Calabrese.
Rugian	A German breed esteemed for war.
Saklawye	Bred in the eastern desert, with more speed and a hardy constitution. It is believed that the Darley Arab was a Saklawye: he was purchased at Aleppo by Mr. Darley's brother, from an Arab tribe near Palmyra.
Samogitian	A small, compact, hardy animal, rather short-legged.
Sarans	A collective term for horses imported into Malaysia, the Philippines, Java, Sumatra etc., spreading eastwards as far as Timor. These horses have dwindled to the size of small ponies, and are allowed to run feral through the islands.
Sardinian (wild)	An indigenous horse, one apparently not imported by man, and resembling the smallest Shelties of the Scottish islands. Though small, this horse was full of fire and though little larger than great dogs, were so vicious that it was necessary to hoodwink them to be mounted; their feet were like asses', the manes short and the tails long: in the early nineteenth century these horses were still wild in Sardinia and Corsica. They were found most abundantly in the territory of Bultei, with the best of the breed located in the woods of Canai. According to the ancient historian, Cetti, the Sardinian wild horse resembled the wild horses of Africa described by Leo Africanus. "By nature the horses are so vicious that no domestication is possible; they perish in their desperate resistance," wrote Cetti. In the early nineteenth century these horses were still wild "never having been reclaimed at any period."
Sardinian (domestic)	The Sardinian domestic horse is based upon descendants of Spanish blood introduced in 1565. These were handsome, 14 hand high horses, natural amblers, sure-footed and capable of travelling 120 miles in 30 hours. These horses featured in local races; the aim, however, was not speed but secure flexibility, in going fast through a winding course and passing into a narrow gate at an acute angle.
Scottish Pony	Often known as the Shetland Pony, some of which scarcely exceed in size the stature of a large dog, yet there are among them many handsome, shaggy little animals, with huge manes and abundance of tail. They are of all colours.
Seminole	A native American horse, whose name in the local language was "Echoclucco", or big deer. These horses were a beautiful and sprightly race of small stature and delicately formed like roebucks, with handsome heads, the nose being slightly aquiline. It is believed that this horse was introduced by Spanish settlers in east Florida. These horses were raised in breeding quarters called stamps, where the animals, reared almost wholly in a state of independence, acquired nevertheless an affection for mankind by being occasionally enticed into his presence by means of handfuls of salt being offered, a dainty so much relished, that the older mares gallop up to the giver at the first sight of him, and the fillies and colts, after a little coyness, are easily reconciled to his presence.
Serissahs	A horse found in Northern Bahar, India.
Shaduhi	A horse of Yemen held in high respect.
Shrubat-Ur-Reech	Known as "drinkers of the wind," these horses were reared by the Mograbins. They are either brown or grey, shaped like greyhounds; their spirit is high and endurance of fatigue prodigious. These horses are not mounted until they are seven years old, and until then are allowed to follow the she-camels, whose udders they suck for a long time. After training, they are fed only once in three days, when they receive a large jar of camels' milk as their only food; but they sometimes also have a handful of crushed dates. Yet even with such scanty sustenance, they retain a vigour which allows them to hunt the ostrich with unceasing speed.
Siberian	Observed by the ancient historian, Pontus, as residing in unknown regions, these horses are described as being white and having hair five or six inches long. They are never known to enter a stable. In the severest weather they are occasionally sheltered from the storm by their owners, who raise a bank of snow in a circle, with a fire in the middle to warm them.
Stremadura	A large, robust Spanish horse.
Taenarian	A white breed, supposedly descended from Castor's horse.
Takan	The Takan of India was remarkable for its strong back, and was a natural ambler.
Tamboro	A breed of horse found on the island of Sambawa. It is reckoned the handsomest horse in the archipelago and is extensively exported.
Tangun	A piebald horse from the Tangustan Mountains of Bhutan. Described as 10 or 11 hands high, tolerably well proportioned, active, fiery, with the hair between four and five inches long, coloured in corresponding spots. A true mountain animal, very sure-footed, active and bold.
Tarentine	A Roman horse of Greek origin.
Tarpan	The Tarpan of Central Asia is a tan coloured equine, during the cold season its coat becomes long, heavy and soft, lying so close as to feel like a bear's fur. The head is small, the forehead greatly arched, the ears far back, the eyes small and malignant, the chin and muzzle beset with bristles, the neck rather thin, crested with a thick rugged mane, which, like the tail, is black. The pasterns are long, the hooves are narrow, high and rather pointed. The voice of the Tarpan is loud and shriller than that of a domestic horse. A genuine wild species, it was migratory, proceeding northward in summer to a considerable distance, and returning early in autumn. If captured, the Tarpan always dies of ennui in a short time, if they do not break their own necks in resisting the will of man. According to nineteenth century eye-witnesses, the Tarpans form herds of several hundred, subdivided into smaller troops, each headed by a stallion. They prefer the wide-open elevated Steppes, and always proceed in lines with the head to windward, moving slowly forward while grazing. They have a remarkable piercing sight. The point of a Cossack's spear at a great distance on the horizon, seen behind a bush, being sufficient to make the whole troop halt; but this is not a token of alarm. It soon resumes its march till some young stallion on the skirts begins to blow with his nostrils, moves his ears in all directions with rapidity, and trots or scampers forward to reconnoitre, bearing the head very high and the tail out: if his curiosity is satisfied he stops and begins to graze; but if he takes alarm, he flings up his croup, turns round, and with a peculiarly shrill neighing, warns the herd, which immediately turns round and gallops off at an amazing rate, with the stallions in the rear, stopping and looking back repeatedly, while the mares and foals disappear as if by enchantment, because with unerring tact they select the first swell of ground to conceal them until they appear at a great distance, generally in a direction to preserve the lee side of the apprehended danger. Although bears and wolves occasionally prowl after a herd, they will not venture to attack it, for the Sultan-stallion will instantly meet the enemy, and, rising on his haunches, strike him down with the forefeet; and should he be worsted, which is seldom the case, another stallion becomes the champion: and in the case of a troop of wolves, the herd forms a close mass, with the foals within, and the stallions charge in a body which no troop of wolves will venture to encounter.
Tatoo	Indian working pony.
Tazee	Bred in Bengal, India, these horses reached 16 hands, had Roman noses, narrow foreheads, ill-shaped eyes, lank bodies, and were very vicious.
Tekeh (Turkoman)	The tallest, hardiest and most war-like of the Turkoman horses.
Thessalian	Homer made a note of its speed.
Thieldones	A Roman ambler.
Thracian	Alexander the Great's celebrated charger, Bucephalus, was of this breed. The Parthians valued this race above every other and believed that different-coloured eyes in the same animal enabled it to see better by night.
Transylvanian	A 15 hand high horse with a slender body, fine head, high withers, the tail set on level with the back, and fine limbs. Often bay or grey, its mane and tail were long and silky.
Turan	"Clouded" horses, described by the Persian poet Firdausi. According to the Persian historian Mickhoud, the Caliph Motassem used 130,000 clouded horses in his army. These noted piebald horses were used by the invading Tartar army under Peta Khan when in 1241 he broke through Russia and Poland and slew Duke Henry of Silesia. They continue at present to exist in small breeds in Moldavia, Wallachia, Poland and Pomerania, but are now only used to mount trumpeters and the bands of Hussar regiments.
Turkish	Derived from the ancient Turkoman blood, they are delicate and have very tender and irritable skin, making it necessary to use the brush and sponge alone in cleaning them. But they are docile and graceful like gazelles.
Turkoman	Larger than the Persian, standing 16 hands high, capable of immense fatigue and privation. Some are said to have travelled 900 miles in eleven days. There are several sub-groups of this breed.
Wallachian	An exceedingly hardy horse with a small head and huge mane and tail. This race was the first to be emasculated, on account of its fierceness, and hence geldings, in Germany, are still called Wallachs.
Yaboo	A common horse of Afghanistan, often piebald and believed to be descended from the Parthian breed.
Yo-to-tze	A diminutive horse located in the Chinese frontier north-east of Calcutta. It was a yellowish-red clay colour, excepting the black tips of the ears, the mane, and long hair in the tail, a well-defined line along the back extending down the middle of the tail, crossed by a broad bar of the same colour over the shoulders. The head had a very straight profile, with a small mouth, delicate nostrils and a deer-like aspect, resembling that of a noble Arab; excepting that the eyes display less fire and more cunning; the ears were only 4 inches long. It had a coarse abundant mane which stood upright. Its voice was a kind of horse neigh; terminating with a roar like the lower tones of an ass's braying.

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